Unit 1
1.1.1
Can you name any of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World? Each was a feat of civil engineering and architecture. What causes structures such as these to fill us with awe even today? What is it that makes them seem more wondrous in our time of modernization? These structures have paved the way for many new advances in the design of the structures you see today.
Conclusion
1. Give an example of a modern pyramid not shown in the presentation. How does its function differ from that of the Egyptian pyramids? What do you think accounts for this difference?
The Pyramid house, basically it is a house shaped like a house, the purpose of modern pyramids are very different compared to ancient pyramid. Ancient pyramids were used as monuments while modern pyramids could be used for houses, attraction, etc.
2. Give an example of a modern structure that uses an arch and dome system.
National performing Centre of Arts in Beijing.
3. What is the main purpose of modern roads? How is the cost of modern roadways defrayed?
Modern Roads are usually used for transportation.
Can you name any of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World? Each was a feat of civil engineering and architecture. What causes structures such as these to fill us with awe even today? What is it that makes them seem more wondrous in our time of modernization? These structures have paved the way for many new advances in the design of the structures you see today.
Conclusion
1. Give an example of a modern pyramid not shown in the presentation. How does its function differ from that of the Egyptian pyramids? What do you think accounts for this difference?
The Pyramid house, basically it is a house shaped like a house, the purpose of modern pyramids are very different compared to ancient pyramid. Ancient pyramids were used as monuments while modern pyramids could be used for houses, attraction, etc.
2. Give an example of a modern structure that uses an arch and dome system.
National performing Centre of Arts in Beijing.
3. What is the main purpose of modern roads? How is the cost of modern roadways defrayed?
Modern Roads are usually used for transportation.
1.1.2 Principle and Elements of Design
Have you ever noticed how buildings of similar size and shape can have completely different visual effects? Architects, like artists, must understand the elements and principles of design and how they affect the visual impact of the building on a viewer. Whether it is the intent of the architect to create a feeling of strength and stability or to create an unusual form that will elicit a double-take from the public, the elements and principles of design can be used to manipulate the intellectual and emotional reactions of the people who see and use the building.
Conclusion
1. In what way do certain elements or principles identify the time period in which a structure was created?
When we look through things we could say it is new or either old depending on the kind of color, how rough the texture is. All principles affect.
2. What factors might account for an incorrect identification?
Opinion, I would not say there is no incorrect identification. It is only based on people's perspective. There is no right and wrong answer.
3. Describe an example of a way that design principles and elements could impact the function of a building.
Design principles affects people on how they think.
Conclusion
1. In what way do certain elements or principles identify the time period in which a structure was created?
When we look through things we could say it is new or either old depending on the kind of color, how rough the texture is. All principles affect.
2. What factors might account for an incorrect identification?
Opinion, I would not say there is no incorrect identification. It is only based on people's perspective. There is no right and wrong answer.
3. Describe an example of a way that design principles and elements could impact the function of a building.
Design principles affects people on how they think.
1.1.2 Extension
In this activity you will identify design elements and principles as they pertain to images of structures.
Use the internet to find 3 Buildings or Structures that you like, add an image of each, and then choose one element of design and one principle of design that you feel is most prominent in the image and justify your choice
Use the internet to find 3 Buildings or Structures that you like, add an image of each, and then choose one element of design and one principle of design that you feel is most prominent in the image and justify your choice
1.1.3
Typically, people associate pyramids with Egypt. However, pyramids have been created all over the world. What makes us associate a style with a certain culture or time period? Recognizable architectural styles are often a result of nearby building material, weather, and culture.
Conclusion
1. How is the culture of the people reflected in the architectural style?
The architectural style have been always based on the culture of the people. These designs that they created were the design that they though that would perfectly suit their needs and give ease to their minds.
2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of building a home with your chosen style today?
The advantage of choosing the style you want is satisfaction. The disadvantage of choosing the right one is cost.
Conclusion
1. How is the culture of the people reflected in the architectural style?
The architectural style have been always based on the culture of the people. These designs that they created were the design that they though that would perfectly suit their needs and give ease to their minds.
2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of building a home with your chosen style today?
The advantage of choosing the style you want is satisfaction. The disadvantage of choosing the right one is cost.
Unit 2
2.1.3 Utility Shed Design Guide Part 1
2.1.3 Utility Shed Design Guide Part 2
2.1.3 Utility Shed Design Guide Part 3
2.2.1 Concrete Pad
Concrete often accounts for a large percentage of the total cost of a project. Many times it represents 15-20% of the total cost, depending on the building materials and methods of construction chosen. If you plan to order concrete, it is essential to order the correct amount. If you order too little, problems will arise as you take measures to quickly acquire more. If you order too much, you have wasted money and resources and will have to dispose of the excess concrete. With proper planning and preparation, the pouring of concrete usually signals an exciting beginning of a construction project.
Conclusion
1. Describe the problems that would result from ordering too much concrete.
Ordering too much concrete would result into more expenses which could lower the profit.
2. Describe the problems that would result from ordering too little concrete.
Ordering too little concrete will result on not being able to finish the project on time, lose time on going back to the store, and lose money for the extra gas.
3. What percentage of the total cost of the pad does the steel rebar account for?
18-20% goes to the steel rebar
4. Why is it important to estimate the cost of construction for a building project?
IT is important to estimate the cos of a construction of a building project because you are wasting your time designing something that at the end you will not be able to build since it does not fit your budget.
Conclusion
1. Describe the problems that would result from ordering too much concrete.
Ordering too much concrete would result into more expenses which could lower the profit.
2. Describe the problems that would result from ordering too little concrete.
Ordering too little concrete will result on not being able to finish the project on time, lose time on going back to the store, and lose money for the extra gas.
3. What percentage of the total cost of the pad does the steel rebar account for?
18-20% goes to the steel rebar
4. Why is it important to estimate the cost of construction for a building project?
IT is important to estimate the cos of a construction of a building project because you are wasting your time designing something that at the end you will not be able to build since it does not fit your budget.
Activity 2.2.2 Shed Cost Estimate
Before you begin a project, you should know how much it is going to cost. You must ensure that you have enough money to finish the project. You may not even begin the project if you determine that it is too expensive. Large construction firms have employees who work exclusively on estimating project costs. Estimators work to allow companies to bid for job acquisition and predict costs and time required for completion. No job should be started without at least a general estimate. These estimates are used to plan work and resources.
Conclusion
1. What category costs the most to build – the walls, floor, roof, or door/windows?
Walls cost the most to build
2. In what category do you find the most waste?
Studs
3. How could you lower the cost of building this structure without sacrificing quality?
Lowering the use of insulation for this is just a shed.
Conclusion
1. What category costs the most to build – the walls, floor, roof, or door/windows?
Walls cost the most to build
2. In what category do you find the most waste?
Studs
3. How could you lower the cost of building this structure without sacrificing quality?
Lowering the use of insulation for this is just a shed.
Activity 2.2.3 Heat Loss and Gain
When the winter design temperature is below 60ºF, the International Residential Code requires a dwelling to have heating facilities capable of maintaining a minimum room temperature of 68ºF in habitable rooms. Portable space heaters cannot be used to meet this requirement. A permanent heating system must be installed.
Conclusion
Conclusion
- Where does the greatest heat loss occur in this structure?
- What was the most significant change made to make this structure more energy efficient?
- What effect could using 2x6 studs in the shed construction have on energy heat loss/gain?
Activity 2.3.2 Green Building and Sustainable Design
Green building design and sustainable architecture are reshaping the practices and products of modern construction and are providing solutions that balance environmental, social, and economic benefits.
Conclusion Questions
1. Describe an original green and sustainable idea that you have. Choose one that is not currently in use as far as you know.0.
An original green and sustainable idea that is currently not in use would be to create a
2. Describe an improvement that you believe could be made to the building where you live to make it greener. Explain why it is an improvement.
Add Solar Panels to the roof of Southeast Raleigh High School as a backup power supply.
Conclusion Questions
1. Describe an original green and sustainable idea that you have. Choose one that is not currently in use as far as you know.0.
An original green and sustainable idea that is currently not in use would be to create a
2. Describe an improvement that you believe could be made to the building where you live to make it greener. Explain why it is an improvement.
Add Solar Panels to the roof of Southeast Raleigh High School as a backup power supply.
2.3.3 Designing for the Client Survey
2.3.4 Adding up to green
The United States Green Building Council (USGBC) formed LEED®, whose mission is to transform the way buildings and communities are designed, built, and operated, enabling an environmentally and socially responsible, healthy, and prosperous environment that improves the quality of life. For residential construction, eight categories exist for which architects can receive LEED credits. Building materials and innovative construction methods allow architects the freedom to achieve credits from each of the eight categories. Architects use the LEED program to guide the design of a structure that exists in harmony with the environment and its occupants.
2.3.5
The type of foundation used in residential construction depends on the type of construction, soil characteristics, flood elevation, frost depth and local practice. In this activity you will choose an appropriate foundation type for your Affordable Housing project.
Conclusion
1. What type of foundation would you recommend for a beach front home with a flood elevation eight feet above grade? Why?
Spread because the pier is inside concrete and will hold.
2. What type of foundation would you recommend for a home located in southern Florida? Why?
Spread because its near water.
3. How does the location of a project site impact the cost of the foundation?
The location of a project can affect the different materials you will use and as such will change the cost depending on what you have to build to adjust to the environment.
Conclusion
1. What type of foundation would you recommend for a beach front home with a flood elevation eight feet above grade? Why?
Spread because the pier is inside concrete and will hold.
2. What type of foundation would you recommend for a home located in southern Florida? Why?
Spread because its near water.
3. How does the location of a project site impact the cost of the foundation?
The location of a project can affect the different materials you will use and as such will change the cost depending on what you have to build to adjust to the environment.
2.3.6 Residential Electrical System
We often take for granted that a light will illuminate when we flip a switch or that there will be an electrical outlet in a convenient location when we want to use a hair dryer. The fact that you do not notice the design of the lighting and electrical system when you are in a building indicates that the designer has done a good job anticipating the needs of the occupants. The electrical system must be designed and constructed according to the applicable building codes and regulations, but it should also be designed with the end user in mind.
Conclusion Questions
Conclusion Questions
- How did you incorporate daylighting into your project?
- Why are some electrical plans placed on a floor plan and others on a separate sheet?
- What is important for an architect to know about electrical plans?
- How does the design of the structure affect the electrical layout?
2.3.7 Residential Site Planning
When a building is designed apart from a specific site, an opportunity is lost to match the design to the strengths and weaknesses of the site. To make a building meet the needs of the client, the site itself should be considered during the design process. Local codes, solar and wind orientation, adjacent properties, and land contours are just a few of the site-specific considerations that the designer should incorporate into the planning of a building.
Conclusion Questions
Conclusion Questions
- Detail the reasons for the orientation of your house.
- How will the orientation of the building influence the energy costs during the life cycle of the house?
2.3.8 Residential Water Supply
Most people take it for granted that when they turn on a faucet, water is available. In fact a lot of planning has been completed to ensure that homes and business have adequate water. Engineers use codes and calculations to ensure that source and pressure are adequate. Historically civilizations in Rome and China were able to establish large urban areas and advance culture in large part because of their ability to transport large amounts of fresh water to citizens to meet their needs.
3.1.2 Land Use Regs
3.1.3 Commercial Wall System
Commercial walls must typically withstand greater loads and heavier abuse than residential walls and are therefore often built with different components. In this activity you will examine the different parts that make up various commercial wall systems. As you identify the components of these walls, notice the similarities and differences in materials and sizes of the structural components.
Conclusion
- Explain why the materials used in a residential wall system are different from a commercial system.
- Why is concrete a popular commercial construction material?
- What factors affect the selection of the exterior façade of a commercial structure?
3.1.4 Commercial Roof Systems
Larger commercial buildings often employ low-slope (almost flat) roofs. The low slope of the roof allows the roof to be used to support equipment and may also provide an area for human use. Recently “green roofs” on which plants are grown have become popular. In this activity you will discover what accommodations are necessary in order to make a low-slope roof acceptable for human traffic and for use as a green roof.
Conclusion
1. Why are flat roofs common on larger commercial buildings?
It’s much easier to make and doesn’t require much to make compared to the others.
2. Why are the standard pitched roof treatments not acceptable for a low-slope roof?The roof is much more prone to leaking
3. Why are the typical low-slope roof surfaces not appropriate when public access is planned?Because you have to mindful of those who may trip and fall on the incline and hurt themselves.
4. What factors are important to consider when designing a green roof?Cost, difficulty to make and, environmental effects.
5. What advantages do green roofs provide over standard low-slope roof treatments?Reduced energy use and better storm water drainage.
1. Why are flat roofs common on larger commercial buildings?
It’s much easier to make and doesn’t require much to make compared to the others.
2. Why are the standard pitched roof treatments not acceptable for a low-slope roof?The roof is much more prone to leaking
3. Why are the typical low-slope roof surfaces not appropriate when public access is planned?Because you have to mindful of those who may trip and fall on the incline and hurt themselves.
4. What factors are important to consider when designing a green roof?Cost, difficulty to make and, environmental effects.
5. What advantages do green roofs provide over standard low-slope roof treatments?Reduced energy use and better storm water drainage.
3.1.6 Floor Systems Section View & CQ's
- Explain why the materials used in a residential floor system are different from a commercial system.
- Describe the advantages of using precast concrete floor components.
- Precast is manufactured in a controlled casting environment
- Perfect mixes, since the elimination of weather when mixing the formula
- Can be installed immediately
- Repeatability
- Ability to control the process
- When comparing two different concrete flooring systems (such as precast panels and cast-in-place slabs), what factors would you consider as you choose a system for a building design?
4. Describe how engineers can change the strength of a concrete floor so that it can carry a heavier load.
Engineers can change the strength of a concrete by changing the grade of metal that would be use to hold the concrete and also by changing the type of mixture that are going to be used.
3.2.1 Structural Forms Poster & CQ's
- What factors affect the development of a structural form? Size, Life cycle, strategy, environment and etc.
- What caused the evolution of the vault from barrel to groin to fan?Roman architects discovered that two barrel vaults that intersected at right angles formed a groin vault , which, when repeated in series, could span rectangular areas of unlimited length. Because the groin vaults' thrusts are concentrated at all four corners, its supporting walls need not be massive and require buttressing only where they support the vault. The groin vault, however, requires great precision in stone cutting, an art that declined in the West with the fall of Rome. Vaulting was continued and improved in the Byzantine Empire and in the Islamic world.
3.2.2
Once an architectural program has been devised and a preliminary structural system has been chosen, the structural engineer may begin the process to design the structural elements. This requires that the engineer identify the design loads for each structural element. Once the applied design loads have been determined, the loads must be traced through the structure so that the load(s) are included in the design of each element through which the load(s) will travel.
Conclusion
Conclusion
- Why are dead load and live load considered separately? How do they affect the structure differently?
- What is the justification for requiring engineers to consider many load combinations when designing a structure rather than just one or two?
- How would the size of the roof deck and roof beams change if the spacing of the beams was increased? Why?
3.2.3
1. What is common about the location of the maximum moment along the beam in each loading case?
2.Note that loading case#3 is a combination of loading cases # 1 and #2. What is the relationship between the maximum shear and maximum moment for loading cases#1,#2 and #3? For Loading cases #2,#4, and #5?
3. Can you identify similarities and differences in the shear and moment diagrams for these loading cases?
-What happens to the shear diagram at a concentrated load?
-What happens in the shear diagram when a uniform load is applied?
-What shape is the moment diagram when a single concentrated load is applied? Where is the maximum moment?
-What shape is the moment diagram when a uniform load is applied? Where does the maximum moment occur?
2.Note that loading case#3 is a combination of loading cases # 1 and #2. What is the relationship between the maximum shear and maximum moment for loading cases#1,#2 and #3? For Loading cases #2,#4, and #5?
3. Can you identify similarities and differences in the shear and moment diagrams for these loading cases?
-What happens to the shear diagram at a concentrated load?
-What happens in the shear diagram when a uniform load is applied?
-What shape is the moment diagram when a single concentrated load is applied? Where is the maximum moment?
-What shape is the moment diagram when a uniform load is applied? Where does the maximum moment occur?
3.3.1 Utilities
Utilities for any project represent a significant portion of the cost of the project. Proper layout and sizing of equipment are essential for keeping costs in check. Designers attempt to keep utility lines as short as possible because of the high cost of long lines. For example, the service wire for electrical service must be unbroken from the tap point to the panel box with no splices allowed. If four hundred feet of #0000 wire is ordered and it is four feet short, the entire cable must be replaced.
3.3.4 Energy Codes
Conclusion Questions
1. What is the purpose of energy codes?
Energy codes and standards set minimum efficiency requirements for new and renovated buildings, assuring reductions in energy use and emissions over the life of the building.
2. How does adding a vestibule improve energy efficiency?
Vestibules are effective at trapping hot or cold air inside the room, rather than allowing it to escape outside of the building.
3. What recommendations would you make to improve the energy efficiency of the existing structure during the renovation process for the Keystone Library?
I would recommend adding a vestibule by the front entrance of the Keystone Library that could help trap heated or cooled air inside the building.
1. What is the purpose of energy codes?
Energy codes and standards set minimum efficiency requirements for new and renovated buildings, assuring reductions in energy use and emissions over the life of the building.
2. How does adding a vestibule improve energy efficiency?
Vestibules are effective at trapping hot or cold air inside the room, rather than allowing it to escape outside of the building.
3. What recommendations would you make to improve the energy efficiency of the existing structure during the renovation process for the Keystone Library?
I would recommend adding a vestibule by the front entrance of the Keystone Library that could help trap heated or cooled air inside the building.